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Malaria: Prevention, Symptoms, and Treatments

Malaria is a life-threatening tropical disease caused by parasites transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes. It is particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, posing significant risks to travellers. Fortunately, effective preventative medications such as Malarone and Doxycycline are available to safeguard against malaria.

What Is Malaria?

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Once in the bloodstream, the parasite travels to the liver, where it multiplies before spreading to the red blood cells. This destroys red blood cells and causes a range of debilitating symptoms.

The Malaria Lifecycle

  1. An infected mosquito bites a human, transferring the parasite.
  2. The parasite travels to the liver within 30 minutes.
  3. It multiplies in the liver before entering the bloodstream.
  4. It invades and destroys red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue.

Causes of Malaria

Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. There are five species known to infect humans, each varying in severity and geographical prevalence:

Types of Malaria Parasites

  • Plasmodium falciparum: The deadliest strain, prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Plasmodium vivax: Common in Asia and Latin America; can cause relapses.
  • Plasmodium ovale: Found in West Africa and the Philippines; similar to P. vivax.
  • Plasmodium malaria: A milder strain, found worldwide; can cause chronic infections.
  • Plasmodium knowlesi: Found in Southeast Asia, primarily infecting monkeys but also humans.

Symptoms of Malaria

Malaria symptoms typically appear 9–14 days after infection, depending on the strain. Common symptoms include:

Early Symptoms

  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headaches
  • Muscle aches
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea

Severe Symptoms

  • Jaundice
  • Anaemia
  • Enlarged spleen
  • Seizures
  • Kidney failure
  • Coma

High-Risk Malaria Regions

Malaria is most prevalent in regions with warm and humid climates where mosquitoes thrive. High-risk areas include:

  • Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Central and South America
  • South and Southeast Asia
  • The Middle East
  • The Caribbean
  • Oceania (e.g., Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands)

How to Prevent Malaria

Preventative Measures

  1. Use Mosquito Repellents: Products containing DEET or eucalyptus oil are effective.
  2. Wear Protective Clothing: Cover exposed skin, especially in the evening.
  3. Sleep Under Mosquito Nets: Use insecticide-treated nets for added protection.
  4. Apply Sunscreens with Insect Repellent: Combined products offer dual protection.
  5. Use Prescription Medications: Antimalarial tablets such as Malarone and Doxycycline are essential for high-risk areas.

Malaria Treatments

Antimalarial Medications

  • Doxycycline: Prevents the parasite from reproducing; suitable for high-risk regions.
  • Malarone: A combination of atovaquone and proguanil; effective for severe strains.
  • Paludrine & Avloclor: Recommended for low-risk areas like India.

All medications must be taken before, during, and after travel to ensure full protection.

FAQs About Malaria

Yes, malaria is treatable with prompt medical intervention. Preventative measures are crucial to avoid complications.

Symptoms typically appear 9–18 days after infection, depending on the parasite strain.

While repellents and nets help, antimalarial medications are the most reliable preventative measure in high-risk areas.

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms after visiting a malaria-prone area.