Chlamydia: Causes, Symptoms, Testing, and Treatments
What is Chlamydia?
Chlamydia, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the UK. Chlamydia has historically been most common among individuals aged 15–24, but rates are increasingly rising among older adults, including those over 60. It is often referred to as the ‘silent’ infection because the majority of cases are asymptomatic, making it difficult to detect without testing.
Key Facts About Chlamydia
- 70% of women and 50% of men with chlamydia experience no symptoms.
- It is transmitted through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can even spread via genital contact without penetration.
- Regular STI screenings are vital for sexually active individuals to prevent its spread.
If diagnosed, chlamydia is easily treatable with antibiotics. However, if left untreated, it can lead to severe long-term health complications, including infertility.
What Causes Chlamydia?
Chlamydia is caused by bacteria transmitted through sexual activity. The infection thrives in the mucous membranes of the vagina, penis, rectum, and mouth.
How You Can Get Chlamydia
- Unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
- Sharing uncleaned sex toys.
- Genital contact without penetration.
- Exposure of semen or vaginal fluids to the eyes.
How You Cannot Get Chlamydia
Chlamydia cannot be contracted through:
- Toilet seats.
- Kissing or hugging.
- Sharing towels or cutlery.
- Swimming pools or hot tubs.
What Are the Symptoms of Chlamydia?
Although chlamydia is frequently asymptomatic, some individuals may notice signs of infection.
Symptoms in Women
- Unusual vaginal discharge.
- Bleeding between periods or after sex.
- Burning sensation when urinating.
- Mild lower abdominal pain.
Symptoms in Men
- Discharge from the penis.
- Burning sensation when urinating.
- Painful or swollen testicles.
In some cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, including:
- Throat and mouth: Oral chlamydia may cause a sore throat.
- Rectum: Anal chlamydia can cause pain, discharge, or bleeding.
- Eyes: Exposure to infected fluids can result in conjunctivitis.
Long-term Effects of Untreated Chlamydia
If left untreated, chlamydia can lead to severe complications.
In Women
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Chronic pain and potential infertility.
- Ectopic pregnancy: A fertilised egg implants outside the womb.
- Increased risk of contracting other STIs.
In Men
- Epididymitis: Painful swelling in the tubes near the testicles.
- Reduced sperm quality, potentially impacting fertility.
- Reactive arthritis: Joint inflammation.
During Pregnancy
- Increased risk of premature birth.
- Transmission to the baby during delivery, causes eye or lung infections.
How Is Chlamydia Diagnosed?
The only way to confirm chlamydia is through testing. It is quick, easy, and painless.
Testing Methods
- Urine Sample: Commonly used for both men and women.
- Swabs: Taken from the vagina, penis, or other affected areas.
You can get tested for free at sexual health clinics, GP surgeries, or genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Home testing kits are also available for added convenience.
How Is Chlamydia Treated?
Chlamydia is easily treated with a course of antibiotics.
Common Treatments
- Doxycycline: The first-line treatment, taken once daily for seven days.
- Azithromycin: An alternative antibiotic, often prescribed when Doxycycline is unsuitable.
Important Notes
- Always complete the full course of antibiotics to prevent reinfection or antibiotic resistance.
- Avoid sexual activity until the treatment is finished.
How Can You Prevent Chlamydia?
Preventative Measures
- Use condoms or dental dams during vaginal, anal, and oral sex.
- Clean sex toys between uses or use them with condoms.
- Get regular STI tests, especially if you have new or multiple partners.
Safe sexual practices and regular screenings are key to reducing the risk of chlamydia.
Can You Buy Chlamydia Treatment Online?
Yes, you can discreetly access treatment for chlamydia online through services like Medihealth Direct. Complete a quick online consultation, and once approved by healthcare professionals, your antibiotics will be delivered the next day.